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Yin Yang 1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation Free
Qiang Zhang1,2,6, Meimei Wan2, Jinming Shi1, David A. Horita3, Lance D. Miller2, Timothy E. Kute4, Steven J. Kridel2, George Kulik2,5, and Guangchao Sui1,2,*
1College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
2Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
3Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
4Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
5Life Sciences Program, College of Science & General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
6Present address: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA *Correspondence to:Guangchao Sui, E-mail: gcsui{at}nefu.edu.cn, gsui{at}wakehealth.edu
J Mol Cell Biol, Volume 8, Issue 3, June 2016, 232-243,  https://doi.org/10.1093/jmcb/mjw002
Keyword: Yin Yang 1, AKT, OPB domain, phosphorylation, oncoproteins, breast cancer

Yin Yang 1 (YY1) regulates both gene expression and protein modifications, and has shown a proliferative role in cancers. In this study, we demonstrate that YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473, a marker of AKT activation. YY1 expression positively correlated with AKT(S473) phosphorylation in a tissue microarray and cultured cells of breast cancer, but negatively associated with the distant metastasis-free survival of 166 breast cancer patients. YY1 promotes AKT phosphorylation at S473 through direct interaction with AKT, and the AKT-binding site is mapped to the residues G201–S226 on YY1. These residues are also involved in YY1 interaction with Mdm2, Ezh2, and E1A, and thus are designated as the oncogene protein binding (OPB) domain. YY1-promoted AKT phosphorylation relies on the OPB domain but is independent of either transcriptional activity of YY1 or the activity of phosphoinositide-3-kinases. We also determine that YY1-promoted mTORC2 access to AKT leads to its phosphorylation at S473. Importantly, a peptide based on the OPB domain blocks YY1 interaction with AKT and reduces AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that YY1 promotes mTORC2-mediated AKT activation and disrupting YY1–AKT interaction by OPB domain-based peptide may represent a potential strategy for cancer therapy.